PREPRINTarXiv · cs.CL20 OCT 2026
Language Impairment as a Lens onto Large Language Models
Muxuan He · Wang Bill Zhu · Yue Chen · Elsi Kaiser · Weizhi Du · Yao Du · Samuel Nastase · Yanjun Gao
Uses classifier-guided lesioning and activation steering derived from human aphasic transcripts to induce and map Broca-like and Wernicke-like breakdowns across 11 language models.
Aphasia simulationAphasiaBank · textLLM interpretability
JOURNALScientific Reports · Nature Portfolio19 OCT 2026
Simultaneous multi-task assessment of five neurological language disorders via cross-corpus multimodal learning
Byounghwa Lee · Hwa Jeon Song · Byung Ok Kang
A unified multimodal model classifies aphasia, Alzheimer disease, MCI, TBI and right-hemisphere damage across five TalkBank corpora while estimating severity and progression.
Language impairmentSpeech · text · metadataCross-corpus decoding
JOURNALScience Advances23 OCT 2026
Biophysically constrained learning from healthy neural priors improves motor decoding in pathological cortical networks
Yihan Wu · Tao Chang · Siliang Chen · Yuxin Quan · Qiang Sun · et al.
Pathology-Aware Consensus Training transfers healthy neural priors to high-density ECoG from pathological cortex, improving decoding and restoring distorted semantic geometry.
Cross-subject decodingECoGImpaired neural networks
JOURNALCommunications Biology · Nature Portfolio22 OCT 2026
Individualized morphometric-similarity deviations in autism linked to cortical hierarchy and microarchitecture
Makliya Mamat · Yiyong Chen · Lin Li
Normative modeling across 1,344 brains maps individualized ASD cortical deviations and links them to cortical gradients, transcriptomics and neurotransmitter-receptor density.
ASDIndividualized decodingMRI · molecular maps
JOURNALPNAS16 OCT 2026
Efficient and accurate steering of large language models through attention-guided feature learning
Parmida Davarmanesh · Ashia Wilson · Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan
An attention-guided framework identifies concept-bearing tokens and layers, nearly doubling successful activation steering across 512 concepts and models up to 70B parameters.
LLM interpretabilityActivation steeringSemantic concepts
PREPRINTbioRxiv · Neuroscience23 OCT 2026
Unstable word form representations and greater reliance on right hemisphere during word learning in adults with a history of developmental language disorder
A. Nora · C. Yan · V. Husa · V. Wilkki · M. van Vliet · E. Service · R. Salmelin
MEG reveals unstable phonological word-form representations and increased right-hemisphere recruitment during vocabulary learning in adults with developmental language disorder.
Language impairmentMEGWord learning
PREPRINTbioRxiv · Neuroscience22 OCT 2026
Individual Differences in Sustained Attention Tune Semantic Abstraction in Neural Encoding of Narratives
S. Gao · Y. C. Leong · M. D. Rosenberg
GPT-2 encoding models over audiobook fMRI show that sustained attention shifts neural representations toward compressed gist-level and predictive semantic formats.
Semantic encodingfMRI · narrativesBrain–LLM alignment
PREPRINTbioRxiv · Neuroscience22 OCT 2026
Frequency-Resolved Connectivity Graphs for EEG-Based Classification of Alzheimer and Frontotemporal Dementia
M. Radwan · A. Yazidi · P. G. Lind
A compact graph model uses frequency-resolved EEG connectivity to distinguish Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia while exposing electrode- and band-level saliency.
DementiaEEGInterpretable graph model
PREPRINTmedRxiv · Psychiatry20 OCT 2026
Mapping the brain signature of dyslexia risk onto histamine, acetylcholine and glutamate receptor systems
M. C. Celik · Y. Cicek · M. A. Sakiroglu · D. Aslan · A. T. Altunc · H. A. Velioglu
Links polygenic structural-brain signatures of dyslexia risk to normative neurotransmitter maps and reading skill, identifying a testable biological axis for impairment.
DyslexiaMultimodal mappingNeurotransmitters
PREPRINTmedRxiv · Neurology19 OCT 2026
When Words Sound Alike: Decoding Homophone Processing in Chinese Primary Progressive Aphasia
B. L. Tee · T.-F. Chen · L. K.-C. Li-Ying · Y. Chuang · et al.
Across Mandarin- and Cantonese-speaking cohorts, homophone impairment differentiates PPA from controls and maps to left anterior and inferior temporal atrophy.
Primary progressive aphasiaChineseStructural MRI
PREPRINTmedRxiv · Neurology19 OCT 2026
Beyond Agrammatism: Syntax Processing in Chinese Primary Progressive Aphasia
Y.-W. Cheng · T.-F. Chen · L. K.-C. Li-Ying · R. Y. Lo · et al.
Shows syntax impairment across Chinese PPA variants and associates comprehension and production with distributed frontotemporal and frontostriatal anatomy.
Primary progressive aphasiaSyntaxStructural MRI
PREPRINTbioRxiv · Neuroscience16 OCT 2026
CortexDecoder: fMRI-to-image Reconstruction from Cortical Flatmaps
T. Imoto-Tar · M. Fung · A. Gurha
Maps cortical fMRI flatmaps through transformer brain tokens and separate semantic and low-level bridges to reconstruct viewed images with diffusion models.
Multimodal decodingfMRISemantic reconstruction
PREPRINTarXiv22 OCT 2026
DRAFT: Decoding and Reconstructing 3D Room Layouts from fMRI and Camera Trajectories
Chi-Wei Lee · An-Kai Chen · Cheng-Han Chiang · Yi-Chun Chang · Po-Chih Kuo
Decodes metric 3D room layouts from human fMRI and camera trajectories, testing how compact visual-cortical codes can guide machine reconstruction.
Semantic decodingfMRIBrain → AI
PREPRINTarXiv22 OCT 2026
EEG-Captioner: Grounding EEG-to-Language Generation in Fundamental Signal Properties
Leyuan Jin · Jiahao Mei · Yixuan Yuan · Shimeng Li · Mengyue Wu · Yue Ding
Introduces 160,781 EEG segments with signal-grounded language annotations and tests whether EEG-to-language models preserve spectral, spatial and temporal facts.
Neural languageEEGBrain → LLM
JOURNALNature Neuroscience22 OCT 2026
Network geometry shapes the transformation of task representations across the human cortex
Lakshman N. C. Chakravarthula · Takuya Ito · Alexandros Tzalavras · Michael W. Cole
Shows how intrinsic connectivity dimensionality compresses or expands task representations, offering a systems-level principle for flexible biological and artificial computation.
Computational neurosciencefMRIRepresentation
PREPRINTarXiv21 OCT 2026
NeuroCodec: EEG-Guided Latent-Domain Generative Model for High-Fidelity Target Speaker Extraction
Julian Silva · Jaliya Kodithuwakku · Navindu Sirimanna · Shaveen Herath · Wageesha N. Manamperi · Joshua P. Kulasingham
Uses EEG to steer a generative neural audio codec for target-speaker extraction, linking auditory attention decoding with real-time assistive AI.
Auditory attentionEEGNeuroAI
PREPRINTarXiv21 OCT 2026
Probing Spatial and Spectral Grounding in EEG Foundation Models
Kleanthis Avramidis · Ivan Tashev · Dimitra Emmanouilidou
Tests whether EEG foundation models actually rely on physiological channel and frequency structure, separating predictive performance from neural grounding.
Machine intelligenceEEGInterpretability
PREPRINTarXiv21 OCT 2026
BrainCodes: A Lightweight EEG Foundation Model over Discrete Neural Codes
Kleanthis Avramidis · Ivan Tashev · Dimitra Emmanouilidou
Learns discrete neural codes from more than 800 hours of EEG while using up to 97% fewer trainable parameters, suggesting compact principles for transferable AI.
Neural codesEEGEfficient AI
PREPRINTarXiv20 OCT 2026
Are Linguistic and Arithmetic Circuits Dissociated in LLMs?
Riku Kisako · Tatsuki Kuribayashi · Ryohei Sasano
Uses neurolinguistic dissociation as a hypothesis for mechanistic interpretability and finds largely separate linguistic and arithmetic circuits across five LLMs.
NeurolinguisticsTextLLM circuits
PREPRINTarXiv18 OCT 2026
Spontaneous brain-wide rotational dynamics constrain cue-evoked behavior
Sihan Chen · Yunlong Xu · Doruk Efe Gökmen · Michel Fruchart · Brent Doiron · Vincenzo Vitelli
Finds low-dimensional rotational dynamics across spikes, calcium imaging, fMRI and MEG, then uses recurrent-network models to explain how ongoing brain state constrains behavior.
Computational neuroscienceMEG · fMRI · spikesRNN